Isotropic Material:
This type of material has the same properties in any or all directions and is independent of the coordinate system. An Isotropic material is the most commonly used material type. Mild steel, high strength steel, and aluminum the most commonly used materials in automotive parts, are all isotropic materials.
Orthotropic Materials:
This material type uses three planes (XY, YZ and XZ), having different properties in each of these planes at any given location on the model (Different properties in X-, Y- and Z- directions). Use this type for plate and shell elements. They are used in composites or laminates with oriented fibers. If you use the Orthotropic type, the XC-YC plane should be parallel to the 2D mesh when the material is applied to the mesh.
Orthotropic materials are a subset of anisotropic materials; their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. Orthotropic materials have three planes/axes of symmetry.
Orthotropic materials are a subset of anisotropic materials; their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. Orthotropic materials have three planes/axes of symmetry.
Anisotropic Material:
This type of material has different properties in each direction at any given location which are used for composites or laminates with oriented fibers. An isotropic material, in contrast, has the same properties in every direction.
Example (wood):
Stress - Strain Diagram:
Poisson Ratio - Length Change:
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Ductile to Brittle Transform Temperature:
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Von Mises Stress vs Principal Stress:
While both are stress measurements used in engineering, "von Mises stress" is a calculated scalar value representing the combined effect of all principal stresses at a point, typically used to predict yielding in ductile materials, whereas "principal stress" refers to the maximum and minimum normal stresses acting on a material along specific planes, often used to analyze potential failure points in brittle materials; essentially, von Mises stress provides a single value to assess overall stress state, while principal stress gives information about the individual stress components along specific directions.
Application:
Von Mises stress is primarily used for ductile materials like metals where significant deformation occurs before failure, while principal stress is more relevant for brittle materials where failure happens with minimal deformation.
Calculation:
Von Mises stress is calculated using a formula that combines all three principal stresses, creating a single scalar value, whereas principal stresses are the individual maximum and minimum normal stresses at a point.
Interpretation:
A high von Mises stress indicates a high likelihood of yielding in a ductile material, while a high principal stress could signify a potential fracture point in a brittle material.
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Static Failure Theories:
Stress & Strength:
Stress Concentration Factor:
Factor of Safety:
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Center of Gravity:
Horsepower, Torque and RPM Formulas:
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The Periodic Table of the Elements:
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PRISM OF TRIZ:
Limit Gauges (Go/No-Go Gauge):
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